zigzagzigal phoenicia. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. zigzagzigal phoenicia

 
 Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategieszigzagzigal phoenicia  I prefer small continents over the island plates/archipelago because I feel those other two just don’t give enough land to take advantage of things like adjacency effects etc- you are just so cramped in there is almost nothing you can do

And to my understanding, a scientific victory is best going tall. They were a. System Requirements. . Thankfully, you can use Spies to steal eureka boosts from other civs - something Wu Zetian is particularly strong at doing. Here, I detail Spanish strategies and counter. Moderately Straightforward - Easy enough to learn, but has some kind of. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Georgia (GS) By Zigzagzigal. Por Zigzagzigal. Since Rise and Fall, Mongolia's core strategy hasn't changed - find horses, build Ordu buildings, spam Keshigs and Knights - but various changes have affected Mongolia's game. The Netherlands is a moderately flexible civ that benefits from rivers, lakes and seas alike. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. Phoenicia offers excellent potential in discovery, colonisation, trade and naval warfare from early in the game. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Zigzagzigal's Guide to the Mayans (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. by Zigzagzigal. Zigzagzigal • GS unit upgrade cost = 2x production difference + 10 • 4 yr. I'd recommend aiming for a classical-era Dark Age followed by a. Follow. Russia is spectacular at religious victory and can score an early victory without ever having to start a war. When you and an ally are both at war with the same civ, gain +0. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Denmark (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. While it's hard to separate the two, in most of the legends Dido never led Phoenicia, but. Pearl of the Danube is an excellent production boost that makes a strong difference, while thermal baths are decent, if not amazing. Sid Meier's Civilization V > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Early warfare and early city development go hand-in-hand for the Aztecs, but accumulating luxuries can make them become an even greater threat later on. The "Other Guides" section of every Vanilla guide has links to every other Vanilla guide. Here, I detail. Greece's uniques are some of the most straightforward around, but there's more to them than immediately apparent. Civilization Rankings and Suggested Victory Conditions. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. Zulus: +3 loyalty in cities with a garrisoned unit, rising to +5 if it's a corps or army. Rise and Fall Expansion. Positive examples include Factories and Stadiums (which by default offer production and happiness respectively to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building. This maturity helps your empire to support Legion conquests and from there hopefully become the dominant power in the world. Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. . AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. You'll want at least one riverside tile per city for a Holy Site, and one valid Aqueduct tile adjacent to the city centre (if the city's on a river, it'll be fine). Phoenicia offers excellent potential in discovery, colonisation, trade and naval warfare from early in the game. AoE (Area of Effect) - Describes bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Polish strategies, uniques and how to play against them. This guide compiles them, so if you want to get more out of your favourite civ, or to find new reasons to play other civs, here's a good place to start. Phoenicia is one of the most victory-agnostic civs in the game. nayaung95. You can find these by scrolling to the top of this page, clicking "Zigzagzigal's Guides" and looking near the end of the list of guides. We're up to 3 food, 1 production, 1 gold and 1 housing. Modern archaeologists believe they referred to themselves as Kena'ani. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Byzantium (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Positive examples include Factories and Stadiums (which by default offer production and happiness respectively to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building. Babylon is a tough civ to master due to their unorthodox civ ability. Mongolia is the ultimate mounted unit warmonger, and can rip apart the plans of diplomatic Civs to shreds. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Civ-specific tricks, secrets and clarifications (GS) by Zigzagzigal. There's a lot of things it does well: Eagle Warriors have enough power to be useful, but also a distinct role that no other unit can do making it interesting. They could have much worse unique things, but the +1 movement would still make them strong. Civilization VI: Gathering Storm introduces an active planet where geology and climatology present unique new challenges. I was playing as Alexander/Greece in Civilization 5. It also assumes you have all other Civ 6 content, listed below, though it is not necessary to have these to utilise the key strategies of each civ. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. OwlRaider Oct 17, 2018 @ 7:07pm Considering how much emphasis you put on natural. When you play as Mali Empire, then everything revolves around money. Here, I detail Malian strategies and counter-strategies. The key changes for Germany are: Hansas now get strong adjacency from Aqueducts, Canals and Dams. There are occasionally little details. Zigzagzigal's Civ Summaries (BNW) 87,131 views. Rise and Fall Expansion. If their culture output is strong enough they can get Nationalism before you, they can form armies before you can form corps, giving as much as a 22-point advantage. Personally, I found having a small stockpile wasn't. . As an example, Stirrups now takes longer to research. The civ's start bias, if it has one. . ×. AoE (Area of Effect) - Describes bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Morocco (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Positive examples include Factories and Stadiums (which by default offer production and happiness respectively to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building. A general strategy. The term “Phoenician” is a Greek word. I'm curious about going the Shoshone and building tall for a scientific victory. AoE (Area of Effect) - Describes bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Citizens may work on Mountain tiles. Korea's ability to acquire science is rivalled only by Babylon, while its unconventional midgame unique units make the game all the more interesting. 3- Making districts gain adjacency bonus from the coasts. The Māori are exceptionally good at generating era score in the ancient era - assuming you can settle your capital quickly enough. Sid Meier's Civilization VI - Civilization VI offers new ways to engage with your world: cities now physically expand across the map, active research in technology and culture unlocks new potential, and competing leaders will pursue their own agendas based on their historical traits as you race for one of five ways to achieve victory in the game. Award. The civ's uniques. Does building tall mean ONE city, aka capital, or building few cities. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. 184 ratings. All wall types have also been buffed to offer more outer defences. The most interesting thing is that newbies might think that Gran Colombia might be underpowered, or that the best things in their toolkit are Haciendas or Llaneros. I always thought it was interesting that Dido leads the Phoenicians instead of Carthagineans. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons,. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Gaul (GS) By Zigzagzigal. Don't delay and start an early war - the vast number of Builders you acquire can be put to good use building up the districts of the growing Aztec Empire, as well as linking up luxuries for amenity and attack. Combined with the Khmer's +1 amenity bonus for Aqueducts, the Khmer can now ignore the need for amenities from other sources for quite some time. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Songhai strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Note: This guide only covers content released prior to the Rise and Fall expansion. Here, I detail Ethiopian strategies and counter-strategies. Brazil is one of the best candidates for Autocracy/Culture, although the loss of Freedom's 50% Golden Age length bonus is quite harsh. Previous breakdown: Greece, found here. The bonus for having fewer of a district than the average is now 40% instead of 25%. This guide goes into plenty of detail about English strategies, uniques and how to play against them. But the abilities around levying units are far and away the best ability on their list. The Mapuche can take down civs in the peak of their power, but you need to be willing to react quickly as each era begins. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Austria (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Preventing other civs from settling too close to your core cities (especially Phoenicia, which can circumvent loyalty pressures) Capturing other civs' cities with the Hul'che UU. 76 ratings. Phoenicia: Coastal cities on their capital's continent never lose loyalty. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Hunnic strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. A general strategy. 3. . Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia. While winning in Civ 6 depends a lot on player skill, the. Note: This guide only covers content released prior to the Rise and Fall expansion. Here, I detail Chinese strategies and counter-strategies. Introduction. There aren't any blatantly underpowered civs any more (though a few could do with a buff either directly or indirectly, and there are some pretty OP ones around). Falchion. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Netherlands (GS) By Zigzagzigal. Zigzagzigal's Guide to the Inca (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Sid Meier's Civilization VI - Civilization VI offers new ways to engage with your world: cities now physically expand across the map, active research in technology and culture unlocks new potential, and competing leaders will pursue their own agendas based on their historical traits as you race for one of five ways to achieve victory in the game. Sid Meier's Civilization V > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Matthias Corvinus (Hungary) Hungary is an amazing civ and is probably the best in the A-tier. The Celts have a strong early-game; they're usually the first to a Pantheon. Gaul has an overpowered leader ability. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Hills start biases are still not that common, though - Greece and Korea get all hills but snow ones in their. Civ-specific tricks, secrets and clarifications (BNW) 57,186 views. Eleanor's leader ability is Court of Love. The sea is where we live, where we work, where we. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons, which. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Siamese strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. They are led by Philip II, under whom their default colors are red and yellow. Here, I detail Georgian strategies and counter-strategies. That's pretty straightforward, Inca can work. Normally, loyalty pressures would make that unfeasible, but this civ ability makes it viable for Phoenicia. The Ottomans and Phoenicia will be particularly troublesome neighbours - you may have to start a war with them. Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia. Bless our proxy states. The civ's uniques. . Sid Meier's Civilization V > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. 여기에서는 로마의 전략과 대응 전략에 대해 자세히 설명합니다. The Zigzagzigal Cree guide has a detailed write-up on how to use Okitcitaws for early war, with the Recon policy and a combination of warring with city states and setting aside goody huts and impassible natural wonders with adjacent yields (which you can detect before discovering them, by looking at the yields). Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Phoenicia offers excellent potential in discovery, colonisation, trade and naval warfare from early in the game. . Award. Gandhi (India) Harald Hardrada (Norway) Mvemba a Nzinga (Kongo) Tamar (Georgia) Tomyris (Scythia) There you go, our 100%* accurate Civ 6 multiplayer tier list. Changes from the 27 July Summer patch affecting Japan: - Electronics Factories, like regular Factories, are now about 10% more expensive. Ours is a realm of iron and gold; of military might and opulent palaces. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Japan (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Reorganised Oo'glog to put more breathing space between buildings and facilities, making it a little closer to the RS2-era version. This change was applied to all applicable versions, unlike Gathering Storm's buff to the Tsikhe building. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. At this point the Steam guides should just have a Zigzagzigal's Guides tab. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons,. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Netherlands (R&F) By Zigzagzigal. Zigzagzigal's Guide to the Huns (BNW) Introduction Note: The Huns require the Gods and Kings expansion. The changes to walls makes them much more viable, and the patch also nerfed Siege. The term “Phoenician” is a Greek word. The richest civ in the game, Mali downplays production in favour of gold and faith when developing an empire. The following civs have Gathering Storm guides updated to the most recent patch: America, Arabia, Aztecs, Babylon, Brazil, Byzantium, Canada, China, Cree, Egypt, France, Gauls,. Every civ has interesting lesser-known tricks and features. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Greek strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. The civ's start bias, if it has one. 41 ratings. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. - Districts in general are 10% cheaper. They are led by Kupe, under whom their default colors are red and cyan. To play as Indonesia, you must have the Khmer and Indonesia Civilization and Scenario Pack. Strategies/Tricks. Furthermore, it is written with the assumption you have all Civ 6 content released prior to the Leaders Pass: Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons,. The Ottomans have advantages in nearly every element of the domination game. Because combat is calculated based on the difference between the strengths of two units, Scythia can essentially add 5 onto those strength penalty numbers. Here, I detail German strategies and counter-strategies. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Joined Dec 29, 2012 Messages 63 Location United Kingdom. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Assyria (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Changes from the Autumn 2017 update relevant to Persia: - Immortals may now attack with melee, which avoids a -17 strength penalty against cities and lets them use bonuses from Siege Towers and Battering Rams. Tips for playing on Immortal difficulty. AoE (Area of Effect) - Describes bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. With speed bonuses, a strength bonus that works on cities, fast-healing Spearmen and a happiness-giving Bank, Persia takes out a lot of the annoyances of war in a rather unique playstyle. 114 ratings Zigzagzigal's Guide to Carthage (BNW) By Zigzagzigal Carthage excels at surrounding opponents from all angles, and has a good economy to back up. at least the civ 5 ones maybe a little better with civ 6. It also assumes you have all other Civ 6 content, listed below, though it is not necessary to have these to utilise the key strategies of each civ. Nation description - Polish Empire. Georgia can push for continuous Golden Ages while tying religion and city-state diplomacy together. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. 91 ratings. Zigzagzigal [author] Oct 18, 2018 @ 2:47pm The problem with such an approach is the randomness of what natural wonders offer - you can't consistently get a good gold/science yield out of natural wonders the way you can with faith or culture. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Mayan strategies, uniques and how to play against them. level 1. Zigzagzigal's Guide to China (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Galleys are slower than your embarked land. Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. This ability makes the Zulus absolutely terrifying opponents in the medieval era. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. Phoenicia will come eventually, though Ottomans are next Zigzagzigal [author] Aug 27, 2019 @ 7. Spain : +2 loyalty in cities on foreign continents with at least one Mission adjacent to the city. Trivia []. Zigzagzigal [author] Sep 10, 2019 @ 12:49pm. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Russia (Vanilla) By Zigzagzigal. . 213 ratings. Zigzagzigal's Guides - America (GS, no additional content)Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Ottoman strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. Both civs get the eureka. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia. I ended up wanting to go Shoshone lol. They are led by Bà Triệu, under whom their default colors are yellow and dark magenta. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. Rise and Fall Expansion. Start bias: Coast. Award. Phoenicia - The ability to move capital complicates the game somewhat; Scotland - Moderately complex uniques; Spain - Need to settle a second continent and. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Award. It’s. As such, they can make unpredictable opponents. It has strong culture generation, but lacks advantages to tourism generation. Zigzagzigal [author] Mar 31, 2017 @ 7:40pm However, checking the XML files I did find information about the decay rate for war weariness. The Acrobats' Guild and Sporadic Agility Contracts. Russia is a great Civ for those who like to build up a strong empire before sending it to war. Back to Leaders (Civ6) "When Allah decides a matter, it is done. Special traits: Has a ranged attack with Range 2. Because combat is calculated based on the difference between the strengths of. With corps thay are stronger than regular corps and coming much earlier, they have one of the most deadly medieval attacks in the whole game. I have learnt a lot about non-fiction writing, and here's my little guide to writing guides: Give people an idea of what they can do and achieve; don't be overly prescriptive. Phoenicia also tends to have a lot of trade routes which could be used externally for bonus religious pressure. Here, I detail Mapuche strategies and counter-strategies. Following this guide requires the Gathering Storm expansion. by Zigzagzigal. . Here, I detail Gallic strategies and counter-strategies. You're right to point out the Futurism/fast GWAM generation synergy, and Pracinhas seem designed to synergise with Autocracy. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Celtic strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Sid Meier's Civilization V > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Aiding you in your endeavour is quite possibly the game's strongest economy. Zigzagzigal's Guide to the Shoshone (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Following this guide requires the Gathering Storm expansion. Zigzagzigal is the reason I can beat civ on any difficultly above King. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Zigzagzigal's Guides. 3. 71 ratings. Here's the best Civ 6 tier list out there. ; The name of the civilization can be a source of considerable confusion. Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia. For a few months I would open civ 5 on my main computer and Zigzagzigal's guide, for whichever civ I was using, on my. Mountain tiles provide +1 Food for each adjacent Terrace Farm. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Civ-specific tricks, secrets and clarifications (GS) by Zigzagzigal. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. A few bonuses are related to that. 129 votes, 25 comments. Here, I detail Mapuche strategies and counter-strategies. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Persia (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Windows. Counter-Strategies. Award. These content packs include exclusive civs, city-states, districts, buildings, wonders, natural wonders, resources, and a disaster, but not core game mechanics - all you need is the base game and the Gathering Storm expansion for those. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Zulu strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Furthermore, it is written with the assumption you have all Civ 6 content released prior to the Leaders Pass: Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. g. Sid Meier's Civilization VI > Guides > Zigzagzigal's Guides. Maya: Moderately Straightforward -> Intermediate due to the unique complexity of the start. 114 ratings. Siam is an unusual Civ - it gets more out of City-State diplomacy but no advantages in gaining influence. The term “Phoenicia” is a Greek term ascribed to a nation hailing from the Levantine coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, centered around modern day Lebanon. Khmer - Rework. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Morocco (BNW) by Zigzagzigal. 63 (!) strength knight corps will crush anything in the field with high mobility. Careful use of boosts can put you ahead of other civs even if your science/culture outputs are somewhat lacking. Zigzagzigal's Guide to India (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Here, I detail Russian strategies and counter. Zigzagzigal's Guide to the Ottomans (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. The Mayans use religion and science together to achieve their aims. Germany. 2. Zigzagzigal's Guide to Egypt (BNW) By Zigzagzigal. The main oddities are Settler exploration and the move-capital functionality. LEADER ABILITY. It keeps things fresh an interesting, and I usually end up learning new things about that civilization and leader on the side. Yensil Feb 26, 2019 @ 2:39pm. Here, I detail Phoenician strategies and counter-strategies. Favorite. 123 ratings. Mountain tiles provide +2 Production. . AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. They are available with the Vietnam & Kublai Khan Pack, which was released on January 28, 2021. Aug 21, 2013 #6 I love using the One With Nature pantheon as Spain. Early in the game, you can try securing an early religion by using Hungary's civ ability to rapidly develop Holy Sites and Shrines, and from there get lots of Great Prophet Points. Positive examples include Factories and Stadiums (which by default offer production and happiness respectively to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building. Michel and St. . This guide goes into plenty of detail about Russian strategies, uniques and. The. Note: This guide requires the Rise and Fall expansion. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons,. It makes every Natural Wonder awesome, seeing as the faith bonus is doubled compared to other Civs. By Zigzagzigal. Phoenicia offers excellent potential in discovery, colonisation, trade and naval warfare from early in the game. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Babylon (GS) By Zigzagzigal. Zigzagzigal [author] Jul 27, 2017 @ 2:28pm. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. Following this guide requires the Gathering Storm expansion. 71 ratings. Furthermore, it is written with the assumption you have all Civ 6 content released prior to the Leaders Pass: Pre-Rise and Fall content packs. Phoenicia - The ability to move capital complicates the game somewhat; Scotland - Moderately complex uniques; Spain - Need to settle a second continent and found a religion to achieve the civ's full potential, but otherwise not too complex; Vietnam - Unusual district placement rules complicate the game Zigzagzigal's Guides - Phoenicia (GS) and China (GS) Link to the Phoenicia guide here. Positive examples include Factories and Stadiums (which by default offer production and happiness respectively to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building. Phoenicia offers excellent potential in discovery, colonisation, trade and naval warfare from early in the game. Maybe using a score-out-of-10 system, like Zigzagzigal did in his Civ V guides. With great topics like guides for new players,. Cyrus loses a lot of potential if he stops declaring new wars, but Nader Shah has a little bit more versatility with more relevant advantages to peace-time. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Celtic strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Both civs get the eureka. Every tribal village is worth +1. 114. By Zigzagzigal. For China, chasing up boosts becomes even more important. If you're willing to put in the effort, China will reward you with rapid technology and civic gain - making them suited to both scientific and cultural victories. AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. 50 points/turn at war (remember 400 points is a loss of 1 amenity), 200 points/turn at peace and a one-off drop of 2000 points (or 5 amenities) when declaring peace. Killing units restores up to 30 health. 52 ratings. Babylon is one of the game's hardest nations to face, having strengths in both defence and science, and is a good introductory Civ for scientific victories. This guide goes into plenty of detail about Incan strategies, uniques and how to play against them. Every civ has interesting lesser-known tricks and features. Jul 19, 2018 #8 I have the feeling hills start biases can act as a kind of nudge towards mountains seeing as hill-heavy regions are often found near them. Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here. Introduction. Zigzagzigal's Guides - Mongolia (GS) By Zigzagzigal. It also assumes you have all other Civ 6 content, listed below, though it is not necessary to have these to utilise the key strategies of each civ. Zigzagzigal [author] Jun 3, 2020 @ 6:08am I managed to get through all that within the first day of the patch! While I do need to eventually get updated screenshots for Norway/Phoenicia (Galleys and their replacements were buffed in strength) generally patch changes can be implemented quickly to the guides. When playing as Poland, you will want to start your own religion and use the other bonuses to strengthen your position. For those who enjoy exploration and settling new cities across the map, the Māori are ideal. For China, chasing up boosts becomes even more important. Poland is a rather unusual civ.